ne thing is certain: when they write the definitive history of pop, rock and jazz, drummer Bernard Purdie will figure prominently. With credits that include sessions for Aretha Franklin, B.B. King, Steely Dan, Miles Davis, the Rolling Stones, Dizzy Gillespie, Hall & Oates, James Brown, Paul Simon, Cat Stevens, Ray Charles, Jeff Beck and The Beatles, Purdie's place in music history is secure.

But wait! While it's true that Purdie's name appears on hundreds of albums released during the past 40 years, he has never been officially credited for his work with The Beatles.

In fact, the only known source for this astonishing bit of music trivia is Bernard Purdie himself! Period.

In a number of published interviews, beginning in the mid-70's and continuing to the present day, Purdie claims to have overdubbed or substituted for Ringo on twenty-one Beatle recordings!

Here's an excerpt from Max Weinberg's excellent book, "The Big Beat" (1984):

Purdie made similar claims in the February 1978 issue of "Gig" magazine, saying he was hired to do a session during the summer of 1963, six months before the first Beatle album was released in the U.S.A.

"I had never heard of The Beatles," said Purdie, "but their manager, Brian Epstein, called me and took me down to Capitol's 46th Street studio. I overdubbed the drumming on twenty-one tracks of the first three Beatle albums." He doesn't remember specific titles except one he calls Yeah Yeah Yeah -- obviously 'She Loves You'. "I got paid in five figures [$10,000 or more]," Purdie adds, "and that was the largest amount of money I'd ever gotten in my life. I thought they were paying me all that money because they liked what I played. Then [Epstein] told me I was being paid to keep my mouth shut." Purdie says he signed a contract. Does he still have it? "The contract", he explains, "was the check that I signed -- and I cashed it! On the back of the check, it was spelled out what I did ... 'payment for services rendered'. It took up half the check. But I didn't think about making a photo-copy. It didn't mean anything to me." Purdie says he worked on finished tapes. Seeing as the early Beatle albums had already been released in England, this would mean the original English versions have Ringo doing the drumming while the American counterparts have Purdie on some tracks, Ringo on others, and, as Purdie suggests, both of them on others. "They had four track [tape recorders] and they put me on two separate tracks. I would listen to what Ringo had played and then overdub on top of it to keep it happening." He says he never met any of The Beatles at the time. "The only people in the studio were me, the engineer, and Brian Epstein and a few of his people." Purdie says he doesn't even think Beatles producer George Martin knows what he did. George Martin would only say "I did not use another drummer", and no one at Capitol Records -- past or present -- knows anything or is willing to talk about it. "The manager did everything", Purdie stresses. "Epstein instigated everything that had to be done. He was the one who told me to keep my mouth closed. He was the one."

Here's Purdie in a 2007 interview conducted before an audience at the Red Bull Music Academy in New Jersey (click on the logo, left, to read extended transcript):

Here's an excerpt from a 2010 interview that appeared in the Andrew Zuckerman book, "Music":

And finally, here's an excerpt from an August 21, 2008 interview on "PodShow Radio":

To summarize what Purdie has said so far:

He claims to have replaced or overdubbed drums on 21 tracks on the Beatles' first three albums.

Really?

Consider this for a moment ... is it possible Bernard Purdie could be lying? 

It's not unprecedented for people of considerable accomplishment to also have considerable flaws. Richard Nixon comes to mind. And so does Bernie Madoff and Donald Trump.

Take the Duke of Wellington for example. In 1812 he defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, one of the most famous military victories in history!

However, some historians believe that Wellington may have embellished events to make his role at Waterloo seem even more significant than it was!

I mean, dude, you defeated Napoleon. Why not just leave it at that?!?

And what about Bernard Purdie? Might he be stretching the truth a bit? Or maybe stretching the truth a lot?

In any case, Purdie's entitled to a fair hearing ... and thanks to his numerous interviews on the subject he's given us more than enough information to get started.

So, let's dissect the evidence, put it under a microscope, and see if Purdie's story holds up to closer scrutiny.

Clue #1: Purdie says, "Brian Epstein called me and took me down to Capitol's 46th Street studio ... Epstein instigated everything that had to be done."

This is highly unlikely. Not only was Brian Epstein musically illiterate and technically unqualified to oversee a recording session, The Beatles were outspoken, even rude, in discouraging Epstein from meddling in their music.

One episode in particular illustrates just how true this was.

The incident is recounted by The Beatles' producer George Martin in his book "All You Need Is Ears" (a near-identical version of the story appears in Brian Epstein's autobiography, "A Cellarful of Noise").

Epstein wrote: "I remember once attending a recording session at EMI Studios in St. John's Wood. The Beatles were on the studio floor and I was with their recording manager, George Martin, in the control room. The intercom was on and I remarked that there was some sort of flaw in Paul's voice in the number 'Till There Was You'. John heard it and bellowed back, 'We'll make the records. You just go on counting your percentages'. And he meant it."

And yet Purdie would have us believe, despite Lennon's humiliating tongue-lashing, that a week or two later Brian Epstein was in New York brazenly supervising the addition of Purdie's drums to twenty-one Beatles recordings!

Clue #2: Purdie says, "I overdubbed the drumming on twenty-one tracks of the first three Beatle albums".

It's convenient that Purdie remembers at least one title -- "Yeah Yeah Yeah" -- as this helps establish a time-line. In fact, if Purdie recorded all twenty-one songs during the same nine-day period, which he presumably did, then we only need one title to determine "earliest" and "latest" possible dates for the Purdie sessions.

EMI studio documents (see Mark Lewisohn's book, "The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions") show that "She Loves You" was recorded at Abbey Road studios on July 1, 1963. A mono mix was completed by George Martin on July 4th, and the single was released to the British public seven weeks later on August 23rd, 1963. If Purdie is indeed drumming on "She Loves You", then we must assume he added drums to Martin's mix sometime after July 4th, but before the British release date of August 23rd -- otherwise there would be two distinctly different versions of the recording: (1). the USA version with Purdie's overdubs, and - (2). the UK version without Purdie's overdubs (the song wasn't released in the USA until September 16, 1963, on the Swan label).

To put a finer point on it, the Purdie sessions could not possibly have begun any earlier than July 6th, which would have given Epstein just enough time to fly from London to New York on the 5th, the day after George Martin's mix was completed (I'm trying to picture an agitated Brian Epstein hovering over George Martin, thinking, "Hurry up and finish these bloody mixes so I can rush over to New York and replace Ringo's drums!").

Nor could the Purdie sessions have begun any later than August 14th, considering the nine days Purdie claims to have spent overdubbing, and the August 23rd British release date. In fact, to allow enough time for pressing and distributing the British singles, another week or two must be trimmed from the schedule, making August 1, 1963 a more likely "latest start date".

Purdie's time-line is further eroded by the fact that Brian Epstein was in London for The Beatles "Till There Was You" session (see above). We don't know if Epstein was referring to the original version of "Till There Was You", recorded on July 18 (takes 1-3) or the "re-make" which was recorded on July 30th (takes 4-8) ... but either way it compromises Purdie's already narrow window of opportunity.

Therefore -- and this is important -- any Beatle recording released in the UK prior to July 6, 1963 must be struck from the list of songs that might include Purdie, because if the UK and (later) USA releases of those songs are compared and proven to be identical -- which they are -- then they can't possibly include Purdie's overdubs.

Furthermore ...

Purdie insists he worked on "finished tapes". Therefore the only songs he can safely claim to have played on are tracks that were recorded and mixed (but not released) prior to August 1, 1963, the latest possible "start date" for the New York sessions.

Only two songs fit that criteria: "She Loves You" and "I'll Get You". 

I've been a professional drummer for more than 50 years.  To my ear there is no audible evidence of overdubbed drumming on either of those two tracks.

Clue #3: Purdie says, "The only people in the studio were me, the engineer, and Brian Epstein and a few of his people."

Brian Epstein and a few of his people?  It's interesting to speculate who those "people" might have been. Epstein had a small, close-knit circle of trusted friends and advisors. Certainly, one or two of them would have been at the sessions in New York (assuming those sessions actually took place).

Here's a list of possible contenders:

Peter Brown was Brian Epstein's personal assistant.  In 1961 he was hired to manage the Epstein family's NEMS music shop in Great Charlotte Street, Liverpool, and was later named Executive Director of NEMS Enterprises, The Beatles' management company. Brown was "best man" at John and Yoko's wedding. Brown's 1983 autobiography "The Love You Make" (revised in 2003) makes no mention of Bernard Purdie.

Derek Taylor was another of Epstein's personal assistants.  He later served as press officer for Apple Corps, the parent company of Apple Records. Taylor's books about The Beatles include "As Time Goes By" (1973), "Fifty Years Adrift" (1984) and "It Was Twenty Years Ago Today" (1987). There is no reference to Bernard Purdie in any of Derek Taylor's books.

Alistair Taylor was with Brian Epstein when he "discovered" The Beatles at the Cavern Club in November 1961. Taylor continued in The Beatles' employment for many years afterwards, eventually serving as General Manager of Apple Records.  His two books about The Beatles, "Yesterday: The Beatles Remembered" (1988) and "A Secret History, an Inside Account of The Beatles' Rise and Fall" (2003), make no mention of Bernard Purdie.

Geoffrey Ellis was one of Brian Epstein's closest friends and advisors and a senior executive at NEMS. He has never publicly commented on Bernard Purdie.

Tony Barrow was originally a record reviewer for the Liverpool Echo. He was later hired by Epstein to serve as The Beatles' press officer (1963-67). Barrow's 2005 book "John, Paul, George, Ringo and Me" is a detailed insider's view of The Beatles' story. There is no mention of Bernard Purdie in Barrow's book.

Tony Bramwell was a boyhood friend and school-mate of The Beatles. He worked closely with Brian Epstein and The Beatles from "day one", continuing until the band dissolved in 1970. His superb book "Magical Mystery Tours" is a tell-all chronicle that spares no detail, positive or negative. Paul McCartney has said, "If you want to know anything about The Beatles, ask Tony Bramwell, he remembers more than I do".  There is no mention of Bernard Purdie in Bramwell's book.

Norman Smith was the audio engineer who recorded and mixed the Beatles' recordings, beginning with their Parlophone audition on June 6, 1962 and ending on November 30, 1965 when he resigned his position at EMI to become an independent record producer. Norman Smith's 2007 autobiography, "John Lennon Called Me Normal" makes no mention of Bernard Purdie.

Geoff Emerick assisted Norman Smith on dozens of early Beatle recordings, beginning in February 1963 and continuing until Smith's departure in November 1965, after which Emerick was promoted to the position of chief audio engineer. He was at the controls for Revolver, Sgt. Pepper, Magical Mystery Tour, Yellow Submarine, and portions of the White Album and Abbey Road.  With the exception of George Martin, no-one spent more time in the studio with The Beatles.  Emerick's book "Here There And Everywhere" (2006) makes no mention of Bernard Purdie.

Ken Scott began working at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in 1964, age 16, and was promoted to the position of Beatle recording engineer in 1967.  After leaving EMI he worked with David Bowie, Elton John and others. In the mid-1970s he was working at Atlantic Studios in New York when Bernard Purdie dropped by the studio for a visit. Scott mentions the incident in his 2012 book "Abbey Road to Ziggy Stardust":  "On one occasion drummer Bernard Purdie (who's had quite the reputation as a result of playing with James Brown, Aretha Franklin, and if you listen to the stories, The Beatles) came by to one of the sessions ... Bernard's an interesting guy, let's leave it at that".

Brian Epstein died on August 27, 1967. There is no record of him having commented publicly or privately about Bernard Purdie.

In addition to the Beatle associates mentioned above, there were dozens of others who witnessed or assisted on Beatle recording sessions over the years: Chris Thomas, John Smith, Richard Lush, Phil McDonald, Glyn Johns, Allan Parsons, John Kurlander and Ken Townsend, to name a few. After fifty years you'd think one of them might be tempted to "spill the beans" and corroborate Purdie's story that "Ringo played on nothing". But

So far, not a peep from any of them!

Clue #4: Purdie says he doesn't think Beatle producer George Martin knew about the New York drum sessions.

To suggest George Martin wouldn't notice that someone had added drums to a Beatle recording is like Michelangelo not noticing a few extra chunks knocked off his famous statue of David. It's just not possible!

Everything that's been written about -- or by -- George Martin points to the meticulous care and attention he applied to his work with The Beatles.

In his two books, "All You Need Is Ears" (1979) and "Summer Of Love, The Making Of Sgt. Pepper" (1994), George Martin is candid about the joys and disappointments he experienced working with The Beatles.

For example, Martin recounts an incident where Paul McCartney had just finished composing "She's Leaving Home". Paul was was anxious to have the song arranged and recorded as quickly as possible.

"I rang George Martin and said I want to record it next week", Paul told biographer Barry Miles. "He said 'I'm sorry Paul. I've got a Cilla Black session'. I was so hot to trot that I called Mike Leander, another arranger. George Martin was very hurt, apparently."

George Martin continues the story: "During the making of Pepper, Paul was to give me one of the biggest hurts of my life. It concerned the song She's Leaving Home ... I couldn't understand why [Paul] was so impatient all of a sudden. It obviously hadn't occurred to him that I would be upset".

Would George Martin not have been just as upset to learn Ringo's drums had been replaced or enhanced without his approval?  I think he would. But nowhere is there any mention of Purdie or the alleged New York session ... not in Martin's books, not in McCartney's autobiography. Nowhere, man!

Martin does, however, describe Ringo as an "excellent" drummer with a "super steady beat":

"You can tell Ringo's drums from anyone else's", says Martin in All You Need Is Ears, "and that character was a definite asset to The Beatles' early recordings."

Furthermore, George Martin was scathing in his criticism of Dave Dexter, the Capitol Records executive who, without consulting Martin, added reverb to the American 45rpm singles, "I Feel Fine" and "She's A Woman".

Surely the Purdie overdubs would have elicited a similar complaint from Martin ... had they, in fact, taken place.

Many hours of audio and film footage exist which allow us to study Ringo performing "live" with The Beatles. These include concerts in Washington D.C. (1964), Shea Stadium (1965), Tokyo (1966), the 1964-65 "Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl" recordings, and the "Let It Be" documentary filmed in January 1969 (re-released in 2021 as "Get Back".

In every case it's abundantly clear that Ringo is a solid and competent drummer. If he's merely parroting Purdie's studio performances, then he does a pretty fine job of it! In fact, he seems more than capable of having created the original studio performances in the first place, without Purdie's help!

Furthermore, if Ringo wasn't good enough to record with The Beatles, then why, after the band broke up in 1970, did John, Paul and George each invite Ringo to play on their solo recordings?

Or was that Purdie, too?

Clue #6: Purdie says, "They had four-track [tape recorders] and they put me on two separate tracks. I would listen to what Ringo had played and then overdub on top of it to keep it happening."

First Purdie says, "Ringo played on nothing", then he says, "I would listen to what Ringo had played and then overdub on top of it". Let's hope this never ends up in court. Even a first-year law student would have a field-day with Purdie's conflicting testimony!

In his book "All You Need Is Ears" George Martine writes, "When The Beatles arrived in 1963, I was still forced to record all their early songs using twin-track ... with the rhythm on one track and the vocal on the other".

In other words, the drums were combined with the guitars and bass onto one of two available tracks, rendering the drums inseparable from the other instruments. While it would have been possible to add more drums later, the original drum performances could not be be altered in any way. If Purdie does appear on any early Beatle recordings, then two drums kits (or parts thereof) would be clearly audible ... and nowhere is this apparent.

So far I haven't seen much evidence to support Purdie's claim. But let's give him one more chance. 

If there's any truth to Purdie's story, then which recordings did he play on?

n June 1961 The Beatles (with original drummer Pete Best) were part-way through their second residency in Hamburg, sharing the bill at the Top Ten Club with fellow Liverpudlian Tony Sheridan and his band.

Polydor, a German record label, was interested in Sheridan as a vocalist, but they felt Sheridan's band was weak. So producer Bert Kaempfert decided to use The Beatles as backing musicians for the Sheridan recording session.

On June 23, 1961 at the Friedrich Ebert Halle in Hamburg-Harburg, Sheridan and The Beatles recorded several tracks including "My Bonnie", "The Saints", "Why," "Cry For a Shadow," "Ain't She Sweet," "Take Out Some Insurance On Me," and "Nobody's Child".

The first single, My Bonnie (billed as "Tony Sheridan and the Beat Brothers") reached the German "Top Twenty", selling about 180,000 copies.

Three years later, when The Beatles exploded in America, Polydor released a "cash-in" album of the Sheridan material on the Atco/Atlantic label. A studio drummer was used to enhance Pete Best's lackluster drumming. Consequently two versions of the Sheridan recordings exist, distinguishable on "Ain't She Sweet", for example, by an extra drum roll after each verse and a hi-hat in the bridge section. It's highly likely these overdubs were provided by Bernard Purdie, who was doing regular session work for Atlantic Records at the time.

If those are Purdie's overdubs on the Tony Sheridan sessions, then I suppose he can claim the following:  (1). he added drums to a "Beatle" recording, and (2). Ringo played on nothing (Ringo hadn't joined the band yet ... Pete Best was the Beatles' drummer at the time). 

In January 2021 Purdie finally published the book he'd been promising for decades. And yes, there's a chapter titled, "The Ringo Starr Controversy". Purdie gingerly straddles the fence, first claiming that in 1963 he "was called in to overdub twenty-one tracks" on the Beatles' recordings, while a few pages later he admits, "Whether the overdubbed drummer was Pete Best or Ringo Starr is also open to question".

What's "open to question" is Bernard Purdie's precarious relationship with the truth!

Conclusion: I believe the only claim Bernard Purdie can safely make is this:

He recorded some minor drum overdubs on some relatively insignificant tracks which had been recorded many months before The Beatles' first session with producer George Martin and a full year before Ringo even joined the band! 

To claim that Purdie "fixed" Ringo's drums on twenty-one Beatle recordings -- or that "Ringo played on nothing" -- is a blatant fabrication. 

Fiction. 

A lie.